The Environment and Disease: Association or Causation?

Creators

• A. Bradford Hill, author

Canon Rationale

A central epidemiology and causal-inference paper, included for its interpretive guidance on moving from observed association toward causal judgment without reducing the problem to a mechanical checklist.

Evidence

• citation context: A. Bradford Hill, 'The Environment and Disease: Association or Causation?', Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine 58(5), 295-300, 1965.
• field survey: Richard Wakeford, 'Association and causation in epidemiology: half a century since the publication of Bradford Hill's interpretational guidance,' Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 108(1), 4-6, 2015.

Audit Flags

epistemic status required